[10] As recently as the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict the Israel Defense Forces employed heavily modified Centurions as armoured personnel carriers and combat engineering vehicles. Please improve this article by adding a reference. 1991. p. 107, Central Intelligence Bulletin: Arab States-Israel. St. Martin's Press. The turret was well armoured at 152 mm. [57] Some 35 Israeli Centurions were captured by Egypt,[58] dozens more were captured by Syria, Iraq[59] and 4 by Jordan. Only a handful of Mk I Centurions had been produced when the Mk II replaced it on the production lines. [26], The Centurion was used as the basis for a range of specialist equipment, including combat engineering variants with a 165 mm demolition gun Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers (AVRE). }} [85] It could still be driven from the site. Panzer WK.II - Alliierte Panzer WW.II Sowjets Panzerfahrzeuge - ab 1945 Panzer zurück Panzerfahrzeuge - ab 1945 (628 Ergebnisse) Alle anzeigen In 1972, Centurion tanks were reequipped with 105 mm guns. [73] During this period South Africa managed to restore its tank fleet to its original size by purchasing a number of surplus Centurion hulls from Jordan and India. The glacis plate and nose of the hull have been upgraded with the addition of passive armour and the turret has been fitted with stand-off armour. [73] At length the South African mechanised infantry, bolstered by Eland and Ratel-90 armoured car squadrons, succeeded in destroying the tanks on their own, although severe delays were encountered due to their lack of adequate anti-tank weaponry. U of Nebraska Press. Development of the Centurion began in 1943 with manufacture beginning in January 1945. Jordan lost 75 to 90 tanks out of 200 involved. Besides adding a great deal of firepower, Dunstan stated, he "...couldn't see any reason why they (Centurions) shouldn't be there..."[31] His foresight enabled the 1st Australian Task Force (1 ATF) to inflict approximately 267 enemy casualties during the six-week-long Battle of Coral–Balmoral, as well as capturing 11 prisoners, 36 crew-served weapons, 112 small arms, and other miscellaneous enemy weapons. Wolf (Panzer) Kampfpanzer. P1 – P5 Armed with 17 pdr with 20 mm Polsten cannon and 7.92 BESA in ball mounting at turret rear. Trooper Carter was evacuated, while the others remained on duty and the tank remained battleworthy. [...]A captured Panther provided an opportunity to compare, in Agust 1945, its armour against that of a Centurion and vice versa. Starry, Donn A. 20pdr guns, but was initially deployed on East Bank. A total of 100 vehicles of this series were manufactured from 1945 through 1946. Development of the Centurion started in 1943. Kungliga Arméförvaltningens Tygavdelning (KAFT, the weapons bureau of the army administrative service) conducted a study that concluded that the most cost-effective alternative would be to purchase the newly developed Centurion Mk 3, which, while quite modern, was judged to also have upgrade potential for future requirements. Britain offered to sell the desired Centurions immediately. [73] To that end, 100 Centurion Mk 3s and 10 Centurion-based recovery vehicles were sold off to Switzerland in 1961. They have American radios and either have the original 7.62 mm calibre MG on the commander's cupola or have it replaced by a 12.7 mm calibre HMG. Im Jahre 1944 lief die Entwicklung eines neuen Kampfpanzers an, der die Linie des bewährten Cruiser Tank A 34 Comet weiterführen sollte. [75] The passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 418, which imposed a mandatory arms embargo on the country, forced South Africa to purchase the hulls without turrets or armament. Thus, in 1951, the vehicle bureau of KAFT was set to develop a Swedish alternative project, E M I L. Parallel with this, negotiations were initiated with France about buying the AMX-13. The design mockup, built by AEC Ltd, was viewed in May 1944. Even before prototypes of the original 40-ton design were completed, the design of a heavier version was well under way. Uri Bar-Joseph, Rose McDermott. However, the glacis plate was highly sloped, and so the effective thickness of the armour was very high—a design feature shared by other effective designs, such as the German Panther tank and Soviet T-34. [60] On the other hand, 2,250 Arab tanks were disabled[56] (including 33 Jordanian Centurions, 18 of them destroyed[61]), 1,274 of them were completely destroyed or captured[62] (643 tanks were lost in the north and 631 were lost in the south[63]). [19] The Mk 3 was so much more powerful than the Mk 1 and Mk 2, that the earlier designs were removed from service as soon as new Mk 3s arrived, and the older tanks were then either converted into the Centurion Armoured Recovery Vehicle (ARV) Mark 1 for use by the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers or upgraded to Mk 3 standards. The original specification had been set so that the A41 could be carried on the existing Mark I and Mark II transport trailers, which were limited to a 40-ton load. However, it must've proved unsatisfactory and was likely cancelled in 1946. The Centurions, together with the Stridsvagn 103, formed the backbone of the Swedish armoured brigades for several decades. A modern fire control system, an improved fire extinguisher system, better electrical system and brakes, and the capability of installing reactive armour completed the modifications. Anfang 1945 waren die Arbeiten soweit fortgeschritten, dass man sich entschloss, 6 der neuen Panzer … The driver's station is equipped with a day and night sight and the gunner's station is fitted with day and night sights and an integrated laser rangefinder. [28], Colonel Donald Dunstan, later to be the Australian states of South Australia, was the Deputy Task Force Commander of the Australian Forces in South Vietnam[29] Col. Dunstan had quite possibly been the last Australian to use tanks and infantry in a combined arms operation during World War II, during the Bougainville campaign. 169041, subsequently nicknamed The Atomic Tank, was used in the Vietnam War. The hull was redesigned with welded, sloped armour and featured a partially cast turret with the highly regarded 17 pounder (76.2 mm/3-inch) as the main gun and a 20 mm Polsten cannon in an independent mounting to its left. Der Centurion erwies sich der ganzen Aufregung als würdig, und die Armee gab nach den Tests nicht weniger als 800 Panzer in Auftrag. Had it been manned, the crew would probably have been killed by the shock wave. Subsequently, twenty pilot models were ordered with various armament combinations: ten with a 17-pdr and a 20 mm Polsten gun (of which half had a Besa machine gun in the turret rear and half an escape door), five with a 17-pdr, a forward Besa and an escape door, and five with a QF 77 mm gun and a driver-operated hull machine gun. The 5th Division's attack was repelled with heavy losses on 22 September mostly through the efforts of the Royal Jordanian Air Force. [32], After the battles at firebases Coral and Balmoral, in which the 1 ATF defeated the 141st and 165th NVA Infantry Regiments[33] in May 1968; a third Centurion troop, which included two tankdozers, was formed. Die ersten Exemplare, die in Serienproduktion entstanden, gingen im Mai 1945 in den Einsatz und konnten nicht mehr vor … [24] The Mk 3 was so much more powerful than the Mk 1 and Mk 2, that the earlier designs were removed from service as soon as new Mk 3s arrived, and the older tanks were then either converted into the Centurion armoured recovery vehicle (ARV) Mark 1 for use by the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers or upgraded to Mk 3 standards. Die Schweiz beschaffte 1955 100 Stück des Typs Mk III: Verwendung: Die Schweizer Armee verwendete von 1956 bis 1991 insgesamt 312 Centurion-Panzer verschiedener Typen. The tank is also fitted with a co-axial 7.62 mm general purpose machine gun and a 7.62 mm anti-aircraft machine gun. Bis zum Ende des Krieges im Mai 1945 konnten lediglich sechs Exemplare des Centurion fertiggestellt werden, die nach Deutschland verschifft, aber nicht mehr eingesetzt wurden. A computerised fire control system was added and a searchlight over the main gun. After a series of fairly mediocre designs in the A series in the past, and bearing in mind the threat posed by the German 88 mm gun, the War Office demanded a major revision of the design requirements, specifically: increased durability and reliability, the ability to withstand a direct hit from the German 88 mm gun and providing greater protection against mines, while remaining within a maximum weight of 40 tons. [81], In the early 1990s, the Olifant Mk1A was superseded by the Olifant Mk1B, which incorporated major improvements in armour protection, a slightly more powerful engine, a double armoured floor for protection against mines, and a torsion bar suspension.[75]. Category Sponsor Place Model Builder Best 1980’s Aircraft IPMS Hamilton 1/72 Fuji T-1 A/B Adam Rehorn Best 1980’s Military Vehicle AMPS-SWO Merkava Mk. Der Kampfpanzer Centurion war in den späten fünfziger und den sechziger Jahren nicht nur die Standardwaffe der britischen Panzertruppe, sondern stand auch in Schweden (Strv 81), der Schweiz (Panzer 55/Centurion Mk V, Panzerz 57/Centurion Mk VII, Panzer 57/60), den Niederlanden oder Dänemark im Dienst. The answer has to be a qualified negative. "[25], Troops of the 1st Armoured Regiment during a briefing at Vung Tau, In 1967, the Royal Australian Armoured Corps' (RAAC), 1st Armoured Personnel Carrier (APC) Squadron transferred to "A" Squadron, 3rd Cavalry Regiment Vietnam. The uparmoured Centurion Mark II soon arrived; it had a new 118 mm-thick glacis and the side and rear armour had been increased from 38 mm to 51 mm[citation needed]. The chassis was also adapted for several other roles, and these have remained in service to this day. The Centurion, introduced in 1945, was the primary British main battle tank of the post-World War II period. [77] This marked the first occasion South African tanks had been sent into battle since World War II. Nonetheless, despite the numbers produced and the fact that the Mk 1A was meant to be an interim solution for use until the advent of the Mk 1B version. Because of the deteriorating conditions in the last days of the war, some of the army groups only reported partially, or on different dates, which is noted under each group. In 1943, the Directorate of Tank Design, under Sir Claude Gibb, C.B.E., F.R.S., was asked to produce a new design for a heavy cruiser tank under the General Staff designation A41. The tank entered service in 1947. The turret crew were all wounded by fragmentation as the RPG hollow charge jet entered the lower left side of the fighting compartment, travelled diagonally across the floor and lodged in the rear right corner. The South African National Defence Force still employs over 200 Centurions, which were modernised in the 1980s and 2000s as the Olifant (elephant). [27] It is one of the longest-serving designs of all time, serving as a battle tank for the British and Australian armies from the Korean War (1950–1953) to the Vietnam War (1961–1972), and as an AVRE during the Gulf War in January–February 1991.[27]. Edgar O'Ballance. Until the 1980s or so, South Africa's enemies had nothing to compare to the tanks that the South Africans were fielding at any particular time. The offensive of Pakistan's 1st Armoured Division was blunted at the Battle of Assal Uttar on September 10. In Sinai Egypt had 30 Centurion tanks. Lieutenant Colonel Norman Tailyour arranged for more reinforcements to be brought in via helicopter. [75] The upgraded Centurions were designated Skoikaan and proved unpopular due to their high fuel consumption and poor operating range. For information about how to add references, see. The House of Commons Defence Committee, 10th Report 1990–91 Session; Preliminary Lessons of Operation Granby (HMSO, 17 July 1991). A report from Tank Armour Research found some close similarities in their performance, although the Centurion was longer and heavier and the Panther carried more side armour above the tracks. The first recorded Centurion kill occurred in Busan against a North Korean captured Cromwell tank. The Comet was Britain's newest tank in 1945, and led the charge into Northern Germany. Later the unit was moved urgently to the Hebron area, in West Bank, in order to link with the supposed Egyptian advance. Three were lost in training in two separate incidents involving vehicle fires and detonation of munitions. After the 1967 war, the army was rearmed and more centurion tanks were purchased. [41] His foresight enabled 1 ATF to kill approximately 267 soldiers of the People's Army of Vietnam 141st and 165th Regiments during the six-week-long Battle of Coral–Balmoral in May 1968, as well as capturing 11 prisoners, 36 crew-served weapons, 112 small arms, and other miscellaneous enemy weapons. The Centurion later served in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, where it fought against US-supplied M47 and M48 Patton tanks and it served with the Royal Australian Armoured Corps in Vietnam. The Centurion, with its 20 pounder gun and heavy armour, proved to be more than a match for the M47 and M48 Pattons. In May 1969, during a firefight, 169041 (call sign 24C) was hit by a rocket-propelled grenade (RPG). Many different variants were bought by Israel over the years from many different countries. For information about how to add references, see Template:Citation. [21], On 14 November 1950, the British Army's 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars, equipped with three squadrons of Centurion Mk 3 tanks, landed in Pusan. [24], The 20 pounder gun was used until the Royal Ordnance Factories introduced the 105 mm L7 gun in 1959. The Centurion Mk.7 at that time one of the most modern western tanks. Centurions modified as armoured personnel carriers were used in Gaza, the West Bank and on the Lebanese border. [47] On the other side, when Pakistani Army armoured division primary composed of M47 Pattons and M48 Pattons, they proved to be only able to penetrate a few of the Centurion tanks, as witnessed in the Battle of Chawinda in the Sialkot sector. A total of 35 of these vehicles was produced and some were used in the then-Southwest Africa. [24] In a tribute to the 8th Hussars, General John O'Daniel, commanding the US 1st Corps, stated: "...In their Centurions, the 8th Hussars have evolved a new type of tank warfare. [86] Examination after detonation found that it had been pushed away from the blast point by about 5 feet (1.5 m), pushed slightly left and that its engine had stopped working, but only because it had run out of fuel. A high top speed was not important, while agility was to be equal to that of the Comet. Historian David Fletcher states, "But was Centurion, after all, a Universal Tank? In 1971 in the Sialkot area two Pakistani tank regiments confronted the Indian First Armored Corps, which had Centurion tanks. When the Six-day War broke out in 1967, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) had 293 Centurion / Sho't tanks that were ready for combat[50] out of a total of 385 tanks. [38], Colonel Donald Dunstan, later to be governor of South Australia, was the deputy task force commander of the 1st Australian Task Force (1 ATF) in South Vietnam[39] Dunstan had quite possibly been the last Australian to use tanks and infantry in a combined operation during the Second World War, (as part of the Bougainville campaign), and the first since the war to command Australia's tanks and infantry in combat. [68] But some of them were destroyed by the PLO in Amman. Israel's army used Centurions in the 1967 Six-Day War, 1973 Yom Kippur War, and during 1978 South Lebanon conflict and 1982 Lebanon War. Starting in 1970, the UN imposed ever-more-restrictive arms embargoes on South Africa, due to its apartheid practices and human rights violations. Background: British armoured fighting vehicle production during World War II, Tanks in the British Army, Tanks of comparable role, performance and era, Note: prototype vehicles and Centurion's Marks 1 to 3 were designed and produced under design leadership of the, Note: most Mark 2s were later upgraded to Mark 3 standard in 1950-51. [86], The Atomic Tank is now located at Robertson Barracks in Palmerston, Northern Territory. p. 912", Black September: How Palestinian Terrorism Was Born. By this point, the usefulness of the 20 mm Polsten had been called into question, it being unnecessarily large for use against troops, so it was replaced with a Besa machine gun in a completely cast turret. [45] Examination after detonation found that it had been pushed away from the blast point by about 5 feet (1.5 m), pushed slightly left and that its engine had stopped working, only because it had run out of fuel. Hence the strv 81 is read as the first tank with an 8 cm gun, while the strv 101 is the first tank with a 10 cm gun that was accepted into service. Six Pakistani armored regiments were opposed by three Indian armoured regiments. The British railway loading gauge required that the width should not exceed 10 ft 8 in (3.25 m) and the optimum width was 10 ft 3 in (3.12 m),[14] but, critically, for the new tank this restriction had been lifted by the War Office under pressure from the Department of Tank Design. October 25, 1973, "Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXIV. By September 1968, 'C' Squadron was brought to its full strength of four troops, each equipped with four Centurion tanks. After the 1967 war, the army was rearmed and more Centurion tanks were purchased. The turret was well armoured at 152 mm. The Australian government, under criticism in Parliament, decided to send a squadron of Australian Centurion tanks to South Vietnam. The new version carried armour equal to the heaviest infantry tanks, while improved suspension and engines provided cross-country performance superior to even the early cruiser tanks. [48] Israel's formerly British Centurions were first delivered in 1959. Nach Kriegsende gingen die Entwicklungsarbeiten weiter, sodass der Centurion kurz darauf in die britische Ar… Each Centurion in Vietnam normally carried a basic load of 62 rounds of 20 pounder shells, 4,000 rounds of .50 cal and 9,000 rounds of .30 cal machine gun ammunition for the tank commander's machine gun as well as the two coaxial machine guns. [36] When the Six-day War broke out in 1967, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) had 293 Centurion tanks that were ready for combat[37] out of a total of 385 tanks. The Sho't Kal can be distinguished from the Centurion by its raised rear deck, to accommodate the bigger engine. The Royal Jordanian Land Force used Centurions, first in 1970 to fend off a Syrian incursion within its borders during the Black September events and later in the Golan Heights in 1973. By 1969, 'B' Squadron, 3rd Cavalry; 'A' Squadron, 1st Armoured Regiment; 'B' Squadron, 1st Armoured Regiment; and 'C' Squadron, 1st Armoured Regiment, had all made rotations through South Vietnam. It became one of the most widely used tank designs, equipping armies around the world, with some still in service until the 1990s. Well the Centurion Tank made its debut in 1945. In 1967, the 10th Independent Tank Regiment was equipped with 44 Centurion Mk.V tanks armed with 20pdr guns, but was initially deployed on East Bank. In 1972 Centurion tanks were reequipped with 105mm guns. By September 1968, 'C' Squadron was brought to its full strength of four troops, each equipped with four Centurion tanks. [66] Four minor injuries were sustained. One of these regiments, 3 Cavalry, fielded 45 Centurion tanks. October 2, 2015, "Atomic Tank: The Unique History of Centurion 169041", "Australian Centurions in preservation, many photographs", "بالصور والفيديو.. ماذا قدم العرب لمصر في حرب أكتوبر | المصري اليوم", "FV4004, 120 mm Conway and FV4005, 183 mm gun tank", "Centurion Family – Danish Army Vehicles Homepage", "Centurion Mk V, 2- Danish Army Vehicles Homepage", "Centurion Mk V, 2 DK – Danish Army Vehicles Homepage", Light Tank Mk I, Mk II, Mk III, Mk IV and Mk V, British armoured fighting vehicle production during World War II, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centurion_(tank)&oldid=1002425854, Military vehicles introduced in 1945–1949, Articles lacking in-text citations from April 2017, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015, Articles needing additional references from July 2010, All articles needing additional references, Articles needing additional references from August 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 1946–present (derivatives still in service), This page was last edited on 24 January 2021, at 11:29. [26], The Centurion crews, after operating for a few weeks in country, soon learned to remove the protective armoured side skirts from both sides of the tank, to prevent the vegetation and mud from building up between the track and the mudguards. [21] It is one of the longest-serving designs of all time, serving as a battle tank for the British and Australian armies from the Korean War (1950–1953) to the Vietnam War (1961–1972), and as an AVRE during the Gulf War in January–February 1991. The Centurions formed the backbone of the Swedish armoured brigades for several decades. Although they successfully conducted combat operations in their areas of operations, reports from the field stated that their lightly-armoured M113A1 armoured personnel carriers were unable to force their way through dense jungle[36] limiting their offensive actions against enemy forces. Dieser war der erste britische Kampfpanzer mit wirklich gutem Panzerschutz und … The new Centurion Mark III also featured a fully automatic stabilisation system for the gun, allowing it to fire accurately while on the move, dramatically improving battlefield performance. [30] During the Battle of the Imjin River, Centurions won lasting fame when they covered the withdrawal of the 29th Brigade, with the loss of five tanks, most later recovered and repaired. [12] In case of damage by mines, individual suspension and wheel units could be replaced relatively easily. Only a handful of Mk I Centurions had been produced when the Mk II replaced it on the production lines. [69] Between 1983–1987, the Centurions had a midlife renovation and modification (REMO) done, which included among other things night vision equipment, targeting systems, laser range finders, improved gun stabilisation, thermal sleeves on the barrel and exhaust pipes and reactive armour developed by the Swedish FFV Ordnance. They taught us that anywhere a tank can go, is tank country: even the tops of mountains. [40] When he temporarily took over command during Brigadier Ronald Hughes's absence, he directed that the Centurions be brought up from Nui Dat to reinforce firebases Coral and Balmoral, believing that they were a strong element that were not being used.
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